;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$Rowboat (#$isa #$Rowboat #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Rowboat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Rowboat #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$Rowboat #$Device-UserPowered) (#$comment #$Rowboat "A subcollection of #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice that contains all boats each of which is usually powered by one or more persions' rowing.") ;;; #$RudeAction (#$isa #$RudeAction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$RudeAction #$Action) (#$genls #$RudeAction #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$RudeAction "The collection of behaviors that go against the social conventions of politeness. This will be a different set of behaviors in different circumstances (contexts). In an office, e.g., it might be rude to make a loud noise, but at a football game it might be rude to not do so.") ;;; #$RuleMacroPredicate (#$isa #$RuleMacroPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$RuleMacroPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$RuleMacroPredicate "Instances of #$RuleMacroPredicate are predicates that have, implicit in their definition, the schema for a class of quantified formulas. A ground assertion (GAF) using one of these predicates is in fact shorthand for a rule fitting this schema. For example, #$genls is a #$RuleMacroPredicate and its implicit schema would be (#$implies (#$isa ?X ARG1) (#$isa ?X ARG2)). Therefore, (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is shorthand for the rule (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Poodle) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). #$RuleMacroPredicates may be supported by system code, as is #$genls, or they may be defined with an #$expansionAxiom. In general, one should only introduce a new RuleMacroPredicate if 1) there is a plan to eventually provide code support for efficient reasoning with its uses, and/or 2) using it enables useful type-level reasoning.") ;;; #$SENSUS-Information1997 (#$isa #$SENSUS-Information1997 #$KnowledgeBase) (#$comment #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SENSUS is a #$KnowledgeBase, created by the Information Sciences Institute at USC. An earlier version of it was knownas Pangloss, and it was devloped primarily in order tosupport machine translation.") ;;; #$STIB (#$isa #$STIB #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$STIB #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$STIB #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$STIB #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$STIB "(#$STIB ?X) returns the `Short Time Interval Before' ?X. The function #$STIB is used to state axioms which assert propositions about the world just before some #$TemporalThing. E.g., just before some event begins, or just before some tangible object comes into being. Whether the propositions hold beyond the bounds of the short interval specified depends the nature of the proposition. Consider the axiom `before launching, the Space Shuttle's fuel tanks are full'. The fuel tanks are only known to be full immediately before the launching event, and for some (measurable but potentially short) time interval before that launch, and so we use #$STIB to specify the time interval in which the assertion of fullness will hold. Before or after that time, additional axioms are required to conclude whether the tanks are full or not. Also see: #$STIF.") ;;; #$STIF (#$isa #$STIF #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$STIF #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$STIF #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$STIF #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$STIF "(#$STIF ?X) returns the `Short Time Interval Following' ?X. The function #$STIF is used to state axioms which assert propositions about the world just after some #$TemporalThing (i.e., after an event ends, after a tangible object ceases to exist, etc.). Each of those propositions may or may not hold beyond the bounds of that short interval. Consider the axiom `after swimming, the swimmer is wet'. The swimmer is only known to be wet for a short time interval immediately following the swimming event, and so we use #$STIF to specify that short time interval in which the assertion of wetness will hold. Beyond that time, additional axioms would be required to decide whether the wetness would persist or not. Also see: #$STIB.") ;;; #$Sadness (#$isa #$Sadness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Sadness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Sadness "Emotion felt when one is unhappy or low-spirited. This is a collection; for more details, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Remorse, #$Gloominess, #$Disappointment, #$Depression-Emotion, #$Grief, #$Misery, #$Despair, #$Anguish, etc.") ;;; #$Safeness (#$isa #$Safeness #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Safeness #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Safeness "#$Safeness is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer acts without endangering itself or others.") ;;; #$Salaried (#$isa #$Salaried #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$Salaried "An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being a salaried worker in some organization.") ;;; #$SaleByCheck (#$isa #$SaleByCheck #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$SaleByCheck #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SaleByCheck #$Buying) (#$comment #$SaleByCheck "Sales in which the payment tendered is a check.") ;;; #$SaleByCreditCard (#$isa #$SaleByCreditCard #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$SaleByCreditCard #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SaleByCreditCard #$Buying) (#$comment #$SaleByCreditCard "A collection of events; a subset of #$Buying. An instance of #$SaleByCreditCard is a purchase in which the #$buyer makes payment using some element of #$CreditCard (the set of all credit cards). Note: This is different from instances of #$CreditSale (q.v.), in which the #$seller (rather than the credit card company) extends credit to the customer.") ;;; #$SalesActivity (#$isa #$SalesActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$SalesActivity #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SalesActivity #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$SalesActivity #$CommercialActivity) (#$genls #$SalesActivity #$BusinessEvent) (#$comment #$SalesActivity "A collection of events. Each element of #$SalesActivity is an event which the performing agent does in an effort to achieve a subsequent sale to a second agent. Types (i.e., subsets) of #$SalesActivity include #$Advertising, telemarketing, showing sample and/or actual products to customers in a show room or a store. Elements of #$SalesActivity which are successful lead to corresponding elements of #$Buying. Note: #$SalesActivity does NOT include manufacturing, accounting, and other such ancillary business activities.") ;;; #$SalesAgreement (#$isa #$SalesAgreement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SalesAgreement #$Agreement) (#$comment #$SalesAgreement "A collection of agreements. Each element of #$SalesAgreement is an agreement which governs aspects of some #$Buying activity. This includes bidding activities (in the subset #$SalesBidOrContract), as well as the instances of #$SalesContract.") ;;; #$SalesPerson (#$isa #$SalesPerson #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$SalesPerson #$BusinessPerson) (#$genls #$SalesPerson #$Professional) (#$comment #$SalesPerson "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$SalesPerson is someone whose principal job activity is negotiating with potential buyers, finding out what they want, describing what is available, taking orders, etc. This collection includes door-to-door salespeople, Avon reprentatives, new and used car salespeople, sales representatives for the product lines of large industrial companies, and store clerks working on a sales commission.") ;;; #$SaltingFood (#$isa #$SaltingFood #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$SaltingFood #$PreservingFood) (#$comment #$SaltingFood "Soaking food in salt to prevent it from rotting.") ;;; #$SanskritLanguage (#$isa #$SanskritLanguage #$DeadLanguage) (#$isa #$SanskritLanguage #$LivingLanguage) (#$comment #$SanskritLanguage "This language was originally spoken in the Indic area and is now a dead language. Its sacred literature, however, was transmitted orally and eventually written in the then-current Devanagari script") ;;; #$Satisfaction (#$isa #$Satisfaction #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Satisfaction #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Satisfaction "Feeling of appeasement, not only of one's desires or longings but also of his needs or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Satisfaction are: #$Approval, #$Pride, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. ") ;;; #$ScalarInterval (#$isa #$ScalarInterval #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$ScalarInterval #$Collection) (#$genls #$ScalarInterval #$NTupleInterval) (#$genls #$ScalarInterval #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$ScalarInterval "A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of #$NTupleInterval. For a measurable quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. Each element of #$ScalarInterval is a line segment (or point) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values. The most common case is where the line is just the real number line, and the scalar interval is either a a contiguous set of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just a single point there (i.e., a number). Another common case is where the line has some unit of measure marked off, such as meters. In relation to the latter kind of interval, see also #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$ScalarPointValue (#$isa #$ScalarPointValue #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$ScalarPointValue #$Collection) (#$genls #$ScalarPointValue #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ScalarPointValue "The collection of minimal scalar intervals. That is, each element of #$ScalarPointValue is a scalar interval which has no `width'. Scalar intervals include both pure numbers, such as 3.14, and linear measurements such as 3.14 meters, which in CycL would be written `(#$Meter 3.14)'.") ;;; #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 (#$isa #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 #$EducationalOrganization) (#$comment #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 "A collection of school organizations. An element of #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 is an educational institution which provides instruction in all or some of the grades from kindergarten (K) through high school (12th-grade) education. Commonly, individual schools teach some subset of those grades; see also the specializations #$ElementarySchoolInstitution, #$MiddleSchoolInstitution, and #$HighSchoolInstitution.") ;;; #$ScientificFieldOfStudy (#$isa #$ScientificFieldOfStudy #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ScientificFieldOfStudy #$FieldOfStudy) (#$comment #$ScientificFieldOfStudy "A collection of fields of study. Each element of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypothesis, observations, and problems, which are the propositional contents of the systematic endeavor to explain the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. #$ScientificFieldOfStudy includes the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics, #$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology, #$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.") ;;; #$Scientist (#$isa #$Scientist #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Scientist #$Professional) (#$comment #$Scientist "A set of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Scientist is a person who is educated and employed in one (or more) of the natural or abstract sciences. Elements of #$Scientist include members of its subsets #$Astronomer, #$Chemist, #$Linguist, #$Mathematician, #$Geneticist, #$CulturalAnthropologist, etc. Examples of #$Scientist: #$CharlesDarwin, #$RichardFeynman, Noam #$Chomsky.") ;;; #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute (#$isa #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute "The most general type of attribute describing the manner in which an actor performs an action; specializations of this include #$CorrectnessOfPosture, #$Competence, #$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. The elements of #$Precision, e.g., represent the various qualitative levels such as high precision, low precision, etc.") ;;; #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType (#$isa #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$comment #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType is a type of attribute that can be used to describe the manner in which actions are performed. Examples include: #$Competence, #$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. So, e.g., one may run a race with some measure of #$Gracefulness, some measure of #$Competence, etc.") ;;; #$ScriptType (#$isa #$ScriptType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ScriptType #$SituationType) (#$genls #$ScriptType #$Collection) (#$comment #$ScriptType "#$ScriptType is the collection of subsets of #$Event. Classifying events and (especially) actions by type allows Cyc to reason about the general characteristics of different kinds of occurrences.") ;;; #$Sculpture (#$isa #$Sculpture #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Sculpture #$Artifact) (#$genls #$Sculpture #$ArtObject) (#$genls #$Sculpture #$VisualInformationSource) (#$comment #$Sculpture "A collection of art objects. Each element of #$Sculpture is a tangible three-dimensional work of art; buildings are NOT included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Examples: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the Parthenon, the Buddhas at Longan.") ;;; #$Sea (#$isa #$Sea #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Sea #$SeaWater) (#$genls #$Sea #$Water-Saline) (#$genls #$Sea #$BodyOfWater) (#$comment #$Sea "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Sea is a body of salt water as large or larger than a lake. #$Ocean is a subset of this collection. Examples of #$Sea: #$PacificOcean, #$IonianSea, #$GulfOfCorinth, #$EastChinaSea, #$BlackSea.") ;;; #$SeaWater (#$isa #$SeaWater #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$SeaWater (#$LiquidFn #$Water-Saline)) (#$comment #$SeaWater "A collection of tangible things; a subset of both #$LiquidTangibleThing and #$Water-Saline. Each element of #$SeaWater is a portion of salt water with the kind of mineral concentrations found in oceans--including the oceans themselves.") ;;; #$SeasonOfYear (#$isa #$SeasonOfYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SeasonOfYear #$WeatherEvent) (#$comment #$SeasonOfYear "A collection of events -- specifically, the seasons that occur as #$subEvents of an #$AnnualClimateCycle. For example, the elements of #$WinterSeason are all instances of #$SeasonOfYear.") ;;; #$SeatingDevice (#$isa #$SeatingDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$SeatingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SeatingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$SeatingDevice "A set of physical objects. An instance of #$SeatingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to serve as a sitting place for people. Types of seating devices include sofas, chairs, benches, camp and stadium stools, theatre seats, swings, bicycle seats, saddles, and more.") ;;; #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure (#$isa #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfAngularDistance) (#$isa #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Second-UnitOfAngularMeasure "A unit to measure the size of angles, in the Imperial system of measurement. 60 seconds = 1 minute (#$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure)") ;;; #$SecondFn (#$isa #$SecondFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$SecondFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$SecondFn #$CalendarSecond) (#$arg1Isa #$SecondFn #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$arg2Isa #$SecondFn #$CalendarMinute) (#$comment #$SecondFn "(#$SecondFn S MINUTE) denotes second number S of minute MINUTE. For example, (#$SecondFn 59 (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)))))) denotes 6:12:59pm Feb. 14th, 1966") ;;; #$SecondsDuration (#$isa #$SecondsDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$SecondsDuration #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$SecondsDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$SecondsDuration #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$SecondsDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$resultIsa #$SecondsDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$resultIsa #$SecondsDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$SecondsDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$SecondsDuration "Seconds are the standard unit of #$Time in Cyc. Think of #$SecondsDuration as a function; it takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$SecondsDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num seconds long. An expression of the form (#$SecondsDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min seconds at most ?max seconds long. Note: Cyc's ontology contains ways to specify nonuniform distributions (e.g., a normal distribution with a mean and standard deviation), but for most purposes this simple uniform specification of `a piece of time' has proven itself to be the most useful building block.") ;;; #$Secretion-Bodily (#$isa #$Secretion-Bodily #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Secretion-Bodily #$NaturalTangibleStuff) (#$comment #$Secretion-Bodily "The collection of all #$NaturalTangibleStuff secreted by an organism's body. There are a wide variety of bodily secretions, including #$Hormones, #$Mucus, #$InsulinTheSecretion, and #$Semen. Secretions may be deposited either within the body (e.g., #$BileTheSecretion) or outside of it (e.g., #$Sweat). Note: Secretions are different from #$ExcretionSubstance in that secretions are not necessarily waste products. E.g., they may be a release of pheromones to attract a mate, a layer of sweat to cool off the organism, a layer of nectar to attract bees, etc. Some subsets of #$Secretion-Bodily, such as #$Sweat, are also subsets of #$ExcretionSubstance (i.e., wastes).") ;;; #$SecretionEvent (#$isa #$SecretionEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$SecretionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SecretionEvent #$BiologicalProductionEvent) (#$genls #$SecretionEvent #$EmittingAnObject) (#$comment #$SecretionEvent "A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each element of #$SecretionEvent is an event in which a living animal or plant secretes a substance.") ;;; #$Seed (#$isa #$Seed #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Seed #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment) (#$genls #$Seed #$PlantBLO) (#$comment #$Seed "The collection of all plant seeds: small nodules or granules consisting of young angiosperms and their protective containers during early (zygotic and embryonic stages) of development. Seeds, if planted, may grow into adult plants.") ;;; #$SelfConfidence (#$isa #$SelfConfidence #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$SelfConfidence #$Confidence) (#$comment #$SelfConfidence "Faith in oneself and one's powers without any suggestion of conceit or arrogance. If one has a large portion of #$SelfConfidence, their state of mind is often marked by ease and freedom from uncertainty, diffidence, or embarrassment. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A typical more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$SelfConfidence is #$Vanity.") ;;; #$SelfEmployedWorker (#$isa #$SelfEmployedWorker #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$SelfEmployedWorker #$Professional) (#$comment #$SelfEmployedWorker "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$SelfEmployedWorker is a worker who earns a living from funds paid directly to him/her by customers, or who is paid by a company s/he owns. An instance of #$SelfEmployedWorker has no boss but him/herself.") ;;; #$SelfPoweredDevice (#$isa #$SelfPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SelfPoweredDevice #$MechanicalDevice) (#$genls #$SelfPoweredDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$comment #$SelfPoweredDevice "A collection of #$MechanicalDevices, classified by the main way of supplying the force needed to operate them. #$SelfPoweredDevice is a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SelfPoweredDevice has an `on-board' part which converts some kind of potential energy into force. That may be a battery and motor to convert electricity stored in the battery into kinetic energy (as in a cordless electric drill); other examples are the elements of #$Automobile, which (typically) convert gasoline and battery power to get the energy to move the vehicle. Some muscle power is involved in operating both a cordless drill and an automobile, but not the main part of the power, in either case. Negative exemplars of a #$SelfPoweredDevice include a #$Bicycle (powered by the person that rides it) a Cable Car (pulled along by cabled embedded in the street) and subway train (often powered by an electrified `third rail').") ;;; #$SellingOrganization (#$isa #$SellingOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SellingOrganization #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$SellingOrganization "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$SellingOrganization is an organization whose main function is to sell things by conducting sales activities. Examples: sales departments (e.g., the sales department of #$ToyotaTheCompany); advertising agencies; and retailers (e.g., #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$KMartCompany).") ;;; #$SemiSolidStateOfMatter (#$isa #$SemiSolidStateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$SemiSolidStateOfMatter "One of the basic physical states of matter. Semi-solid objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by (a) their ability to flow under the application of pressure, combined with (b) their high viscosity. Examples of things that are typically in this #$stateOfMatter: a squirt of toothpaste on your brush, or a lump of bread dough, at normal room temperatures. At higher temperatures: a lava flow, a lump of molten glass about to be blown into a vase, etc.") ;;; #$SemiSolidTangibleThing (#$isa #$SemiSolidTangibleThing #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$SemiSolidTangibleThing #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$SemiSolidTangibleThing "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$SemiSolidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that is intrinsically in a semisolid state. Some semisolids are pourable (e.g., sand) and some are not (e.g., jello). When a force is first applied to a semisolid, the object moves or deforms substantially and does not break or crack. Semisolids are stirrable (thus, rubber is probably not a semisolid). A semisolid can be deformed into any shape that does not require some dimension of the object to be smaller than all dimensions of the granule size of that stuff; e.g., a #$Mob of hailstones cannot form a paper-thin sheet. The granules of a #$Pourable semisolid, such as sand, may themselves belong to #$SolidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$SemiconductorResistance (#$isa #$SemiconductorResistance #$ElectricalResistance) (#$comment #$SemiconductorResistance "A measurable physical attribute. #$SemiconductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents the level of resistance found in instances of #$SemiconductorStuff. See also #$resistanceOfObject.") ;;; #$SemiconductorStuff (#$isa #$SemiconductorStuff #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$SemiconductorStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$SemiconductorStuff "The collection of those elements of #$TangibleThing that can, under varying electrical fields, behave as an electrical insulator at times and an electrical conductor at other times.") ;;; #$SendingSomething (#$isa #$SendingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$SendingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SendingSomething #$DirectedTranslation) (#$genls #$SendingSomething #$LosingUserRights) (#$genls #$SendingSomething #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion) (#$genls #$SendingSomething #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$SendingSomething "The collection of events in which an #$Agent intends to have an object (other than itself) delivered to some other #$Agent. This involves at least a temporary loss of some user rights to the object by the sender. If successful, an instance of #$SendingSomething is also an instance of #$TransferringPossession.") ;;; #$Sensor (#$isa #$Sensor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Sensor #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$Sensor "The collection of devices, biological or artificial, that gather information. Note: If a well-known named part of such an entity does the data-gathering, then generally only those parts are considered sensors, not the whole entity. E.g., even though a person gathers information, we generally do not consider them to be a sensor, but rather the sensors are their eyes, ears, skin, etc. In a context such as an ophthalmology convention, `well-known part' has a different binding, and they would consider just certain parts of the eye to be sensors.") ;;; #$SensoryAttribute (#$isa #$SensoryAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$SensoryAttribute (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SENSE-AND-MEASURE-QUALITY")) (#$genls #$SensoryAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$SensoryAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$SensoryAttribute is a sensory datum detectable by sentient beings. #$SensoryAttribute includes colors, odors, tastes, sounds, and feels, as well as the various feelings represented by its subset #$InternalSensoryAttribute. Examples of #$SensoryAttribute: #$Rough, #$Smooth, #$Slimy, #$GoldenColor, #$VeryBrightLightIntensity, (#$HighAmountFn #$NoiseLevelAttribute).") ;;; #$SensoryInformation (#$isa #$SensoryInformation #$StuffType) (#$genls #$SensoryInformation #$MentalInformation) (#$comment #$SensoryInformation "A collection of mental information. Each element of #$SensoryInformation is the propositional content of a mental state in which the nervous system of an animal or other sentient perceives something. For example, if I perceive that my office is hot, the information is that my [the perceiver's] office is hot; if you perceive that my eyes are brown, the information is that Deborah's eyes are brown.") ;;; #$SensoryReactionType (#$isa #$SensoryReactionType #$Collection) (#$genls #$SensoryReactionType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$SensoryReactionType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$SensoryReactionType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$SensoryReactionType is an #$AttributeType, describing one natural kind of sensation (e.g., pain, pressure, pleasure, warmth, etc.) that may be felt by #$PerceptualAgents. Some examples of #$SensoryReactionType are #$LevelOfDizziness, #$LevelOfSoreness, #$LevelOfColdSensation, etc.") ;;; #$SeparatingAMixture (#$isa #$SeparatingAMixture #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$SeparatingAMixture #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SeparatingAMixture #$Separation-Complete) (#$genls #$SeparatingAMixture #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$SeparatingAMixture "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a #$Mixture is separated into two or more #$constituents.") ;;; #$Separation-Complete (#$isa #$Separation-Complete #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Separation-Complete #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Separation-Complete #$SeparationEvent) (#$genls #$Separation-Complete #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$Separation-Complete "A collection of physical separation events. In each #$Separation-Complete, one object is separated into two or more distinct pieces.") ;;; #$SeparationEvent (#$isa #$SeparationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$SeparationEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SeparationEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$SeparationEvent "A collection of events. In each #$SeparationEvent, an object is cut, scraped, broken, cracked or pulverized, so that part of the object is no longer attached where it once was. That part has not necessarily completely separated; it may still be attached in places. See #$Separation-Complete for the complete case.") ;;; #$September (#$isa #$September #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$September #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$Series (#$isa #$Series #$Collection) (#$genls #$Series #$Situation) (#$comment #$Series "The collection of situations in which 2 or more ''parts'' or ''members'' are ordered in some linear fashion. For example, the line of people at a ticket booth, an alphabetized set of words, or the series of pitches in a baseball game.") ;;; #$ServiceEstablishment (#$isa #$ServiceEstablishment #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ServiceEstablishment #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$genls #$ServiceEstablishment #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$ServiceEstablishment #$Business) (#$comment #$ServiceEstablishment "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$ServiceEstablishment is a local service organization at a single physical location. What an individual retail store or outlet is for tangible products, a service establishment is for services. Examples: #$Threadgills restaurant; #$DaytonaSpeedway; Brake Check store at 35th and Lamar Blvd., Capital Medical Clinic in Medical Park Towers, and the U.S. Post Office on West 6th Street in Austin, TX.") ;;; #$ServiceEvent (#$isa #$ServiceEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ServiceEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ServiceEvent #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$genls #$ServiceEvent #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$ServiceEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$ServiceEvent is an event in which one agent (or set of agents) does something for another agent (or set of agents). The former is the #$providerOfService; the latter is the #$recipientOfService. A service event may involve maintenance, repair, or refurbishing of some object belonging to the #$recipientOfService (including care of his/her person); a service event may involve gathering or transmitting information, providing advice, entertainment, transportation, etc. Service events may or may not be done for payment.") ;;; #$ServiceOrganization (#$isa #$ServiceOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ServiceOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$ServiceOrganization "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$ServiceOrganization is an organization whose main function is to provide some set of services, i.e., to perform certain service events. A service organization may be a subsidiary, a department, or an independent organization. A service organization may or may not be a for-profit organization; see the subset #$CommercialServiceOrganization. Examples: #$FederalExpress; the mail department at MCC; #$NewYorkHospital; the #$USMedicareAdministration; the Jiffy Lube at Guadalupe and 38th St; #$Threadgills restaurant; KEYE-TV in Austin, TX.") ;;; #$ServingFoodOrDrink (#$isa #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$ServiceEvent) (#$genls #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$HandlingAnObject) (#$genls #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$TransportationEvent) (#$genls #$ServingFoodOrDrink #$DirectedTranslation) (#$comment #$ServingFoodOrDrink "A collection of events. Each element of #$ServingFoodOrDrink is an event in which an item of food or drink is served. It starts when the server picks up the food or drink from a preparation or pickup area and ends when it is deposited at the location where the people being served may eat or drink it. Such events are typically part of the job of any restaurant server who waits on tables, and they may be performed also by a host or servant at a dinner party or banquet, or by a family member at a home meal. Note: this collection does not include placing a `serving' of food from a common dish onto a diner's plate.") ;;; #$Set-Mathematical (#$isa #$Set-Mathematical #$Collection) (#$genls #$Set-Mathematical #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$Set-Mathematical "The collection of mathematical sets. An element of #$Set-Mathematical can be any arbitrary set, including sets whose members have nothing in common. In contrast, the members of an instance of #$Set-Mathematical's sibling #$Collection (q.v.) all have some important, natural properties in common. Sets and collections also differ in that there cannot exist two distinct sets that have exactly the same elements. A third point of contrast between sets and collections is that rarely will it be desirable to create a new constant to refer to a set. Instead, a set will either be intensionally specified by a defining property, using #$TheSetOf, as in (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$likesAsFriend Lenat ?X)), or extensionally specified by listing its elements, using #$TheSet, as in (#$TheSet 3 4 5). (In certain cases, a set will be extensionally specified by means of one of the more specialized functions #$ThePartition or #$TheCovering. See #$partitionedInto and #$covering.)") ;;; #$SetOrCollection (#$isa #$SetOrCollection #$Collection) (#$genls #$SetOrCollection #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing) (#$comment #$SetOrCollection "The collection of all mathematical sets and all collections. Instances of #$Set-Mathematical and instances of #$Collection share some basic common features. They are both abstract entities, lacking spatial and temporal properties. More specifically, they (can) have elements, and hence may stand to one another in set-theoretic relations such as #$subsetOf and #$disjointWith. Nevertheless, sets and collections differ in two important respects. Every collection is associated with an intensional criterion for membership -- a more or less natural property or group of properties possessed by its members. (The criterion for membership need not, and often will not, be precisely definable in any language.) Collections are thus akin to kinds. In contrast, the elements of a set are not required to be homogeneous in any respect; any things whatsoever may together comprise the members of a set. The second major difference between sets and collections is that no two distinct sets can be co-extensional (be such that every element of one is an element of the other and conversely). Sets are, so to speak, identified on the basis of their extensions. Collections, on the other hand, are identified by their intensional criteria for membership. So collections which have exactly the same elements may be distinct, differing in their respective membership criteria.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$SetOrCollection #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COLLECTION") ;;; #$SetTheFormat (#$isa #$SetTheFormat #$Format) (#$comment #$SetTheFormat "Any argument place of a Cyc predicate may have a specified format that constrains its possible value(s). If an argument position has #$SetTheFormat as its entry format, then --- given some fixed set of values for the other arguments to that predicate --- any number of assertions can still be true in the KB with different terms in that argument position. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother is #$SetTheFormat, since a woman can have any number of children. See also #$Format, and contrast with #$SingleEntry.") ;;; #$SetWithStructure (#$isa #$SetWithStructure #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$SetWithStructure #$Situation) (#$genls #$SetWithStructure #$MathematicalObject) (#$comment #$SetWithStructure "The collection of all mathematical structures each consisting of a set with structuring relations (e.g., a #$BinaryPredicateOnSets) on that set (and, optionally, one or more functions and/or selected other sets, individuals or subsets for that set). Examples include #$PartiallyOrderedSets, #$MultiGraphs, etc. Sometimes mathematicians specify these using a #$Tuple of sets, relations, functions, and/or individuals, as specifications.") ;;; #$Shaft (#$isa #$Shaft #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Shaft #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Shaft #$Artifact) (#$comment #$Shaft "A collection of artifacts. An instance of #$Shaft is an object which is long, straight, and cylindrical. A shaft may be made of wood, metal, etc.") ;;; #$Shame (#$isa #$Shame #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Shame #$Embarrassment) (#$comment #$Shame "Painful self-conscious feeling of guilt, shortcoming, or impropriety. #$Shame often accompanies social disgrace or disrepute. It often leads to #$Remorse. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$ShapeDescribingPredicate (#$isa #$ShapeDescribingPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ShapeDescribingPredicate #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$genls #$ShapeDescribingPredicate #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate) (#$comment #$ShapeDescribingPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ShapeDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions about abstract shapes and shape-like configurations, such as posture. Examples: #$shape, #$xyCrossSectionShape, #$yzCrossSectionShapeType, #$continuouslyConnectedTo, #$postureOfAnimal.") ;;; #$ShapeFunction (#$isa #$ShapeFunction #$RelationType) (#$genls #$ShapeFunction #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$comment #$ShapeFunction "A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$ShapeFunction is a function which returns an element of #$AbstractShape, an abstract physical region with a specific shape and dimensions. Elements of #$ShapeFunction include #$RectangleFn, #$EllipseFn, #$CircleFn, #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, etc. Each shape function takes as argument(s) the dimension(s) of #$Distance needed to determine a geometric shape of that kind, then returns a shape which has those dimensions. For example, (#$CylinderFn L D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D.") ;;; #$ShapeType (#$isa #$ShapeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ShapeType #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$ShapeType #$SituationType) (#$comment #$ShapeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ShapeType is a collection of abstract physical shapes. These are shapes which, for example, a physical object can have when considered `in outline', as occupying a region of space which has certain dimensions and geometrical characteristics. Elements of #$ShapeType include #$ThreeDimensionalShape, #$TwoDimensionalShape, #$Polygon, #$Square, #$Circle, #$SphereShape, #$CylinderShape, #$PyramidShape, etc.") ;;; #$ShapingSomething (#$isa #$ShapingSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ShapingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ShapingSomething #$HandlingAnObject) (#$genls #$ShapingSomething #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$ShapingSomething "A collection of events. In each #$ShapingSomething, something (usually a more or less `plastic' object) is given a definite shape. In many, but not all, cases (e.g., #$MakingPottery), an instance of #$ShapingSomething is also a #$CreationEvent, Normally, elements of #$ShapingSomething are concerned with the basic, overall shape of an object. Thus, a #$PolishingSomething event, which doesn't affect the basic shape of the #$objectOfStateChange, is not a #$ShapingSomething.") ;;; #$SharedNote (#$isa #$SharedNote #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$SharedNote #$Collection) (#$genls #$SharedNote #$TextGroup) (#$genls #$SharedNote #$Individual) (#$comment #$SharedNote "#$SharedNote is an element of the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. Each instance of #$SharedNote is a constant which contain only documentation (usually a #$comment) about two or more constants (not including that documentation constant). See #$sharedNotes for more information.") ;;; #$Sharing (#$isa #$Sharing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Sharing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Sharing #$MakingSomethingAvailable) (#$genls #$Sharing #$GainingUserRights) (#$genls #$Sharing #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights) (#$comment #$Sharing "A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingSomethingAvailable (among other supersets). In an instance of #$Sharing, one #$Agent receives #$PrimaryRoleUseRights over an object for a limited time from another #$Agent, who doesn't give up his or her own right to use it, too (but does give up exclusive right to it). Cf. #$BorrowingSomething.") ;;; #$SharpEdged (#$isa #$SharpEdged #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$SharpEdged "Includes anything which has a sharp edge. Includes knives, scissors, and broken glass. Does not include the right angle at the edge of a desk--that's not sharp enough. Does not include the edge of a cotton sheet--that's not hard enough to be sharp. Does not include a needle--it may be sharp, but it's not an edge. For needles, nails, etc., see #$PointyEnded.") ;;; #$ShatteringEvent (#$isa #$ShatteringEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ShatteringEvent #$Separation-Complete) (#$genls #$ShatteringEvent #$SeparationEvent) (#$genls #$ShatteringEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$ShatteringEvent "A collection of events. In each #$ShatteringEvent, something is destroyed by being broken into a mob of pieces. [A `mob' means `a large but indeterminate number'] Since the salient parts of the #$inputsDestroyed must be #$Brittle in order for this to happen, fluids (such as liquid water) and elastic stuff (such as rubber at room temperature) will generally not undergo any #$ShatteringEvents. Items which can be an #$objectActedOn in shattering events are typically made of glass, pottery, bone, plaster, etc. Many substances, particularly solid metals and alloys, are extremely difficult to shatter.") ;;; #$ShavingSomething (#$isa #$ShavingSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ShavingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ShavingSomething #$MovementEvent) (#$genls #$ShavingSomething #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$ShavingSomething #$Separation-Complete) (#$genls #$ShavingSomething #$HandlingADevice) (#$comment #$ShavingSomething "A collection of events. In each #$ShavingSomething event, thin pieces of material on an object's surface are removed. An example would be someone whittling a wooden spoon, someone using a lathe to make a table leg, someone scraping the top layer of mold and cheese off a brick of cheese that was left in the refrigerator just a little too long, etc. WARNING: an event in which someone ``shaves'' their body hair (a #$ShavingBody event) from one's face, legs, etc. with a shaver or razor is NOT a #$ShavingSomething event; rather, it is an element of the collection #$CuttingSomething. If one uses a depilatory such as Nair, then one could actually ``shave'' (genuinely a #$ShavingSomething event) the resultant coating of depilatory and separated hair ends away. ") ;;; #$ShearStrength (#$isa #$ShearStrength #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$ShearStrength #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$ShearStrength #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ShearStrength "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ShearStrength represents a specific capacity of some physical object to resist the slipping of one segment in relation to another. Shear strengths are designated using a #$GenericValueFunction; higher value means more resistance to slippage. Shear strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$shearStrengthOfObject.") ;;; #$SheetOfSomeStuff (#$isa #$SheetOfSomeStuff #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SheetOfSomeStuff #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$SheetOfSomeStuff "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$SheetOfSomeStuff is a substance which (in its `intrinsic' shape) is continuous and, when flattened, uncrumpled, unfurled, etc, has one dimension which is significantly smaller than the other two dimensions. The requirement of being a continuous sheet does not preclude some type of penetrability, as in instances of #$Screen, #$Netting, or #$LaceCloth. Belonging to this collection implies nothing about the current configuration of the object; in particular, elements of #$SheetOfSomeStuff need not be lying flat. Aluminum foil on a roll or a bedspread crumpled up on a bed are instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Cf. #$SheetShaped, #$TwoDimensionalShape.") ;;; #$SheetShaped (#$isa #$SheetShaped #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$SheetShaped "A physical attribute. #$SheetShaped is the element of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that describes a tangible object that is flat and spread out, planar, and neither fully crumpled nor compactly folded. In one of the dimensions it is much smaller than in the other two. Bedspreads, ice over ponds, and sheets of paint on a house are all possible examples of objects having this attribute. For describing a sheet of something (e.g., waxed paper, aluminum foil, cloth) regardless of its configuration, use #$SheetOfSomeStuff.") ;;; #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart #$SkeletalSystem) (#$comment #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all animal shells. An animal's shell is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, and functions as a hard protective outer covering for the animal.") ;;; #$ShelterConstruction (#$isa #$ShelterConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ShelterConstruction #$Artifact) (#$comment #$ShelterConstruction "A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ShelterConstruction is an artifact built by some entity or creature, including but not limited to humans, and intended for use as a shelter. Elements of #$ShelterConstruction include bird nests, termite mounds, beaver dams, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$PalaceOfFineArts-SanFrancisco, and the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway.") ;;; #$Ship (#$isa #$Ship #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Ship #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Ship "A subcollection of #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice, whose instances are large, typically ocean-going vessels.") ;;; #$Shipping (#$isa #$Shipping #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Shipping #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Shipping (#$TransportViaFn #$TransportationDevice)) (#$genls #$Shipping #$TransportingGoods) (#$genls #$Shipping #$ServiceEvent) (#$genls #$Shipping #$SendingSomething) (#$comment #$Shipping "Shipping of objects from one physical location to another. Shipping from the perspective of being done as a dedicated service, such as what UPS, the US Postal Service, or Dominoes Pizza Delivery might do.") ;;; #$ShippingLocation (#$isa #$ShippingLocation #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$isa #$ShippingLocation #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$ShippingLocation #$MailingLocation) (#$genls #$ShippingLocation #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject) (#$comment #$ShippingLocation "A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$ShippingLocation is a location to which merchandise is physically delivered, e.g., a house, an office, a corporate mailroom, a post office box.") ;;; #$Shirt (#$isa #$Shirt #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Shirt #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Shirt #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$Shirt "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shirt is a clothing item that is worn to cover the upper part of the human torso, with openings for the neck and lower body, and either openings for, or sleeves encircling, the arms. Subsets include #$LongSleeveShirt, #$Blouse, and #$TankTop.") ;;; #$Shoe (#$isa #$Shoe #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Shoe #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Shoe #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$Shoe "A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shoe is a shoe or shoelike thing worn on the feet. Important subsets include #$Boot-Footwear, #$Sandal, #$Slipper, and #$CasualShoe. Elements of the collection #$Shoe are single shoes. Pairs of shoes are elements of the collection denoted by (#$PairFn #$Shoe).") ;;; #$ShortPants (#$isa #$ShortPants #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ShortPants #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ShortPants #$Pants) (#$comment #$ShortPants "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Pants. Every element of #$ShortPants has pantlegs that cover only the upper part of the wearer's legs, being typically knee-length or shorter.") ;;; #$ShreddingEvent (#$isa #$ShreddingEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ShreddingEvent #$SeparationEvent) (#$genls #$ShreddingEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$ShreddingEvent "A collection of events. In each #$ShreddingEvent, the #$inputsDestroyed are destroyed by a large number of #$Ripping #$subEvents.") ;;; #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType (#$isa #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType #$Collection) (#$comment #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType is a collection of attributes. If COL is such a collection, then nothing can have two instances of COL as attributes unless those two instances are related in a #$genlAttributes relationship to each other. For example, #$MaritalStatusOfPeople is an element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType; no person can have (at the same time) the #$maritalStatus #$Married and the #$maritalStatus #$Single. However, a person could have both the status #$Single and the status #$Divorced, if #$Single is a #$genlAttributes of #$Divorced. See also #$SiblingDisjointCollection.") ;;; #$SiblingDisjointCollection (#$isa #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$Collection) (#$genls #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$Collection) (#$comment #$SiblingDisjointCollection "#$SiblingDisjointCollection captures a very important concept, but one that is rarely given a name. There are many sets of sets for which any two member sets either will be disjoint (i.e., have no intersection) or else one will be a subset of the other. For instance, consider the various types (i.e., sets) of animals in the usual Linnaean taxonomy: Vertebrate, Bird, Dog, Mammal, Invertebrate, Person, etc.; Vertebrates and Invertebrates are mutually disjoint, while Bird, Mammal, Dog, and Person are all subsets of Vertebrate. Dog and Person are disjoint with each other, but each of them is a subset of Vertebrate. All of the Linnaean sets, or collections, of animals can be grouped together into one set, or collection, of sets, which in turn is an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. It turns out that the real situation --- and the real definition of #$SiblingDisjointCollection --- is slightly more complicated than that. Consider types of appliances: toasters, cars, shavers, clocks, etc. Is the set of such appliance-types a #$SiblingDisjointCollection, the way we defined it above, for types of animals? Almost, but not quite. One could have an appliance-type `ClockRadio', which would be the set of all clock radios, and clearly each clock radio is both a clock and a radio, yet neither #$Clock nor #$RadioReceiver is a subset of the other. So if we have some item that purports to be both a clock and radio, that is okay if one of the following three conditions is met: (1) the collection #$Clock is known to be a subset of #$RadioReceiver; (2) the collection #$RadioReceiver is known to be a subset of #$Clock; (3) there is already defined a collection X which is a subset of both #$Clock and #$RadioReceiver. More formally, the axiom that defines #$SiblingDisjointCollection is as follows: SIB is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection if and only if: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa C1 SIB) (#$isa C2 SIB) (#$isa C1-EL C1) (#$different C1 C2)) (#$or (#$not (#$isa C1-EL C2)) (#$thereExists C3 (#$and (#$genls C3 C2) (#$genls C3 C1) (#$isa C1-EL C3))))) That axiom, together with the minimization of #$genls, gives us the following characterization of our concept: If we have a collection SIB that is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection, and if we take two elements C1 and C2 of that collection SIB, then each element of C1 which is not an element of a common specialization (C3) of C1 and C2, MUST NOT BE an element of C2. In cases where there are a few exceptions --- that is, a couple of elements of SIB might have some overlap --- but it is undesirable to explicitly create a new reified constant (like `ClockRadio', above) for that intersection, Cyc allows you to use an explicit mechanism to override the #$SiblingDisjointCollection constraints for a particular C1 and C2; namely, you would assert to Cyc (#$siblingDisjointExceptions C1 C2). See also #$siblingDisjointExceptions.") ;;; #$Side (#$isa #$Side #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Side #$Surface-Physical) (#$comment #$Side "Elements are portions of some #$Surface-Physical which constitute a boundary between the inside and outside of a tangible object.") ;;; #$SignTheDisplay (#$isa #$SignTheDisplay #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SignTheDisplay #$VisualInformationSource) (#$genls #$SignTheDisplay #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$SignTheDisplay "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$SignTheDisplay is a tangible object typically posted where people can see it so that they can obtain information from it. Uses of signs include identification of objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos); advertising (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales); warnings (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, `No Trespassing' postings, printed tape marking off a police line).") ;;; #$SimpleContactAcquaintance (#$isa #$SimpleContactAcquaintance #$AcquaintanceAttribute) (#$comment #$SimpleContactAcquaintance "The attribute which specifies that persons X and Y have met each other at least once, and probably would be able to recall this, and even recognize each other, if they meet again. I.e., (#$acquaintances X Y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance) implies (#$acquaintances Y X #$SimpleContactAcquaintance); that is, if X has met Y, then Y has met X. This assumes that there was a meeting event in which (earlier subabstractions of) X and Y interacted, that both were minimally conscious, etc.") ;;; #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic (#$isa #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic #$Collection) (#$genls #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic #$MultiGraph) (#$genls #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic #$SimplePathSystem) (#$comment #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic "The collection of all #$PathSystems that are instances of both #$SimplePathSystem and #$MultiGraph. Each instance of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic is a 'graph', as studied in graph theory, in which there are neither loops nor multiple links between the same pair of nodes.") ;;; #$SimpleNoun (#$isa #$SimpleNoun #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$SimpleNoun #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$SimpleNoun "The collection of all simple nouns, also called common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a determiner, and in English they inflect for number. Example: 'dog'.") ;;; #$SimplePathSystem (#$isa #$SimplePathSystem #$Collection) (#$genls #$SimplePathSystem #$Thing) (#$comment #$SimplePathSystem "An instance of #$PathSystemType and the collection of #$PathSystems without loops or parallel links. This collection includes #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic when there are no non-node points along links.") ;;; #$SimpleRepairing (#$isa #$SimpleRepairing #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$SimpleRepairing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SimpleRepairing #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$SimpleRepairing #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$SimpleRepairing #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$SimpleRepairing #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$SimpleRepairing "The collection of events in which something gets fixed.") ;;; #$SimpleSegmentOfPath (#$isa #$SimpleSegmentOfPath #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$SimpleSegmentOfPath #$Path-Generic) (#$comment #$SimpleSegmentOfPath "The collection of all segments of #$Path-Generics each of which has no path junctions between its ends. The two ends of such a segment may or may not coincide at the same location (i.e. a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath may form a loop. See also #$SimpleUnloopedSegmentOfPath). The only access to something located along a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath is via the #$endsOfPathSegment locations for that #SimpleSegmentOfPath. When the segment is part of a specified #$PathSystem (as opposed to a mere #$CustomarySystemOfLinks), the predicate #$linkInSystem (or else #$loopInSystem) applies to it and the system.") ;;; #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement (#$isa #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement "A collection of common bodily movements (e.g., walking, jumping) in which the whole body is involved in the movement.") ;;; #$SingleCellOrganism (#$isa #$SingleCellOrganism #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SingleCellOrganism #$Organism-Whole) (#$genls #$SingleCellOrganism #$Cell) (#$comment #$SingleCellOrganism "The collection of living things which are all elements of both #$Organism-Whole and #$Cell. Each element of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism consisting of one self-reproducing living cell.") ;;; #$SingleDoerAction (#$isa #$SingleDoerAction #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$SingleDoerAction #$Action) (#$comment #$SingleDoerAction "A collection of actions. Each element of #$SingleDoerAction is an action which can have only one `doer' (i.e., only one agent `doing' it). Such events may be intentional or not. Most bodily functions belong to subsets of this collection, because the only agent of a normal bodily function is the agent whose body it is (e.g., #$Heartbeating, #$Bleeding). For a type of action to be a subset of #$SingleDoerAction, it must be inconsistent to assert, for any member of the subset, both (#$doneBy ACT X) and (#$doneBy ACT Y), where X and Y are different. In contrast, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting is NOT a subset of #$SingleDoerAction. For, although an action of that kind might often be done by only one performer, it is also common for two or more people to cooperate in carrying something.") ;;; #$SingleEntry (#$isa #$SingleEntry #$Format) (#$comment #$SingleEntry "Argument places of Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain their values. #$SingleEntry is a format constraint used to indicate that there is at most one value in a certain argument place, when all other arguments are fixed. For example, the #$arg2Format of #$mother is #$SingleEntry, since an animal can only have one mother. See also #$Format, and contrast with #$SetTheFormat.") ;;; #$SingleResidenceUnit (#$isa #$SingleResidenceUnit #$ProductType) (#$isa #$SingleResidenceUnit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SingleResidenceUnit #$ModernHumanResidence) (#$comment #$SingleResidenceUnit "A collection of human residences. Each element of #$SingleResidenceUnit is either a modern-style detached house, an apartment, or another instance of #$ModernHumanResidence designed to accomodate either a single person or a single family (i.e., instance of #$FamilyCohabitationUnit). Usually, each element of #$SingleResidenceUnit has a unique mailing address.") ;;; #$SingleSiteOrganization (#$isa #$SingleSiteOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SingleSiteOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$SingleSiteOrganization "A collection of organizations. An instance of #$SingleSiteOrganization is an organization which has a single location as its #$physicalQuarters. For example, the #$KMartStore at Parmer Lane, Simon & David at the Arboretum, and Great Hills #$FireStation Number 2 would be positive instances. But the #$KMartCompany, #$TomThumbTheCompany, and the Austin City Fire Department are negative examples, since those `parent' organizations have several sites as their #$physicalQuarters.") ;;; #$SittingPosture (#$isa #$SittingPosture #$Posture) (#$comment #$SittingPosture "The attribute that describes, most generically, an #$Animal in a seated position. The exact nature of the position depends upon the typical body structure of the animal's species.") ;;; #$Situation (#$isa #$Situation #$Collection) (#$genls #$Situation #$Individual) (#$comment #$Situation "#$Situation is the collection of situations. A situation is a state of affairs; it identifies roles played by objects involved in the situation, and it articulates the relationships between those roles. One important partitioning of #$Situation is: (1) #$Event --- the dynamic situations. (2) #$StaticSituation. --- they exist in time, but are not dynamic, more a set of relationships among objects. E.g., consider the situation of Bill Clinton sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. There are participant objects such as Bill and the chair, there are relationships such as the seat of the chair supporting his bottom and his weight being off his feet, etc. There is a fuzzy line between #$Events and #$StaticSituations: one could think of Bill as `carrying out the process of sitting' while he's in his easy chair. (3) atemporal situations. There are some abstract, non-spatial, non-temporal instances of #$Situation. This is not very common, though; most situations of interest have (dynamic or static) temporal properties, and are instances of #$TemporalThing. ") ;;; #$SituationFn (#$isa #$SituationFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$SituationFn #$SituationType) (#$resultGenl #$SituationFn #$Situation) (#$arg1Isa #$SituationFn #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$SituationFn "#$SituationFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$SituationFn FORM) denotes a collection of situations in which the #$CycFormula FORM is true. FORM may contain variables. For example, FORM might describe the general situation in which a letter is addressed to a person who has filed a mail forwarding order. If FORM is true in a particular case, then that is a situation of the (#$SituationFn FORM) kind, and related axioms may indicate inferences or actions to take. Every collection denoted by a #$SituationFn expression is an element of (#$isa) SituationType.") ;;; #$SituationType (#$isa #$SituationType #$Collection) (#$genls #$SituationType #$Collection) (#$comment #$SituationType "A collection of collections. #$SituationType is the collection of subsets of #$Situation.") ;;; #$SkeletalSystem (#$isa #$SkeletalSystem #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$SkeletalSystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$SkeletalSystem #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$SkeletalSystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$SkeletalSystem "The collection of all animals' skeletal systems. A #$SkeletalSystem is a system of body parts used to support, separate, and protect the other parts of the body, especially the torso and the soft, vulnerable internal organs of the animal. It can be an external #$Exoskeleton (see also: #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart) or an internal interlinking of numerous parts composed of #$Bone-BodyPart and #$Cartilage.") ;;; #$Skin (#$isa #$Skin #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Skin #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Skin #$TactileSensor) (#$genls #$Skin #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor) (#$genls #$Skin #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$Skin #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Skin "A (piece of) skin serves as outer protective and tactile sensory covering for (part of) an animal's body. This is the collection of all pieces of skin. Some examples include TheGoldenFleece (an entire skin) and YulBrynnersScalp (a small portion of his skin).") ;;; #$Skirt (#$isa #$Skirt #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Skirt #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Skirt #$WomensClothing) (#$genls #$Skirt #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$Skirt "The collection of all skirts, a category of women's clothing intended to cover the lower part of the body") ;;; #$SkolemFuncN (#$isa #$SkolemFuncN #$Collection) (#$genls #$SkolemFuncN #$SkolemFunction) ;;; #$SkolemFuncNFn (#$isa #$SkolemFuncNFn #$FunctionTheMathematicalType) (#$resultIsa #$SkolemFuncNFn #$Thing) (#$arg1Isa #$SkolemFuncNFn #$CycSystemList) (#$arg2Isa #$SkolemFuncNFn #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$arg3Isa #$SkolemFuncNFn #$NonNegativeScalarInterval) ;;; #$SkolemFunction (#$isa #$SkolemFunction #$Collection) (#$isa #$SkolemFunction #$RelationType) (#$genls #$SkolemFunction #$ReifiableFunction) (#$comment #$SkolemFunction "#$SkolemFunction is a collection of Cyc system-generated functions that implement existential quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone asserts to Cyc an expression that contains a `#$thereExists', Cyc automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFunction and rewrites the assertion using that skolem function, as described in what follows. (Most Cyc users don't need to know the following details, which are supplied only for the curious.) Suppose we tell Cyc that every animal has a birth date; i.e., for each animal, there exists a date such that the animal was born on that date --- in CycL, (#$implies (#$isa ?x #$Animal)(#$thereExists ?y (#$birthDate ?x ?y))). In response to that CycL formula, Cyc would create a new element of #$SkolemFunction -- we might call it the `BirthDateFn' -- whose single argument would be an animal and whose resultant value would be a date, namely, that animal's date of birth. Subsequently, Cyc would automatically use the `BirthDateFn' in asserting our rule, eliminating the need for a `#$thereExists'. Our formula would thus be rewritten by the system, as follows: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?x #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?y (`BirthDateFn' ?x))) (#$birthDate ?x ?y)). See also #$termOfUnit. Note: Although our example uses the name 'BirthDateFn' for our skolem function, at this time (4/97), skolem functions are automatically named by the Cyc system using the prefix `SKF-' followed by a number. The system-generated name can be replaced by re-naming, though that is rarely done in practice.") ;;; #$SkolemFunctionFn (#$isa #$SkolemFunctionFn #$FunctionTheMathematicalType) (#$resultIsa #$SkolemFunctionFn #$Thing) (#$arg1Isa #$SkolemFunctionFn #$CycSystemList) (#$arg2Isa #$SkolemFunctionFn #$CycSystemSymbol) ;;; #$Sleeping (#$isa #$Sleeping #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Sleeping #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Sleeping #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary) (#$genls #$Sleeping #$Resting-Relaxing) (#$comment #$Sleeping "The collection of all #$Sleeping events, i.e., natural processes in which an #$Animal engages in some unconscious mental activity coupled with physical rest. #$Sleeping is a subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary; the process of #$Sleeping is essential for the health of sentient animals.") ;;; #$Sleepy (#$isa #$Sleepy #$Alertness) (#$genlAttributes #$Sleepy #$Awake) (#$comment #$Sleepy "#$Sleepy is the #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the state an animal normally passes through before #$GoingToSleep.") ;;; #$SmellPerception (#$isa #$SmellPerception #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$SmellPerception #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SmellPerception #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$SmellPerception "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$smells something and thereby acquires information about it.") ;;; #$SmokingFood (#$isa #$SmokingFood #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$SmokingFood #$PreservingFood) (#$comment #$SmokingFood "A kind of cooking in which the food is exposed to smoke. This adds nitrates to the food to prevent rotting.") ;;; #$SnowFlake (#$isa #$SnowFlake #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SnowFlake (#$SolidFn #$Water)) (#$genls #$SnowFlake #$PrecipitationParticle) (#$comment #$SnowFlake "The collection of frozen water crystals emitted by clouds in instances of #$SnowProcess.") ;;; #$SnowProcess (#$isa #$SnowProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SnowProcess #$PrecipitationProcess) (#$comment #$SnowProcess "The collection of events in which the condensed liquid water in clouds freezes into ice crystals which become substantial enough to fall to the earth as snow.") ;;; #$Snowy (#$isa #$Snowy #$WeatherAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Snowy #$Cloudy) (#$comment #$Snowy "The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation at which it is snowing.") ;;; #$SociabilityBasedAction (#$isa #$SociabilityBasedAction #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$SociabilityBasedAction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SociabilityBasedAction #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$SociabilityBasedAction "The collection of socially based actions, those performed mostly for the sake of sociability, in which considerations of socially acceptable interactions with others are important.") ;;; #$SocialAttributeType (#$isa #$SocialAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$SocialAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$SocialAttributeType "This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain to human behavior. This definition is very broad, and embraces attributes of behavior (personal and social) one might read about in a sociology, psychology, cultural anthropology, economics, political science, or social philosophy course -- in short, in the (human) `behavioral' sciences. A more specialized concept is #$SocialStatusAttributeType, which limits the focus to status-related attributes. This is a superset of that, much more general collection which includes, as elements, #$AcquaintanceAttribute, #$InterAgentRelationAttribute, etc., as well as all the elements of #$SocialStatusAttributeType (qv).") ;;; #$SocialBeing (#$isa #$SocialBeing #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SocialBeing #$IntelligentAgent) (#$comment #$SocialBeing "The collection of beings whose existence is accepted by some social system. (Thus, the elements of #$SocialBeing will vary with social contexts.) Social beings are entities able to perform social roles in the system that recognizes them. #$SocialBeing includes elements of #$Organization (e.g., the #$QueensGuard) as well as the elements of #$LegalAgent (in that system), so, for example, in modern industrial social systems, the elements of #$LegalCorporation and #$Person are instances of #$SocialBeing. ") ;;; #$SocialClass-Lifestyle (#$isa #$SocialClass-Lifestyle #$SocialAttributeType) (#$genls #$SocialClass-Lifestyle #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$SocialClass-Lifestyle #$SocialStatusAttribute) (#$comment #$SocialClass-Lifestyle "The collection of attributes that indicate a person's social class, as determined by the person's general lifestyle, quality of life, and relative access to the (material and security oriented) desiderata of life. It may depend on a cultural non-material system of social rank, based on birth, office, manners, vocal accent or other factors. Members of this collection include #$LowerMiddleClass, #$UpperClass, etc.") ;;; #$SocialGathering (#$isa #$SocialGathering #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$SocialGathering #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$SocialGathering #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$SocialGathering #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$SocialGathering "The collection of intentional social gatherings of people who have the same or similar purposes in attending, and in which there is communication between the participants. E.g., a party, a conference, a wedding, etc. Note: A group of people waiting to board an elevator is not typically a #$SocialGathering, even though they share a common purpose, since they are not expected to talk to each other.") ;;; #$SocialOccurrence (#$isa #$SocialOccurrence #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$SocialOccurrence #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SocialOccurrence #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$genls #$SocialOccurrence #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$SocialOccurrence "A collection of events; a subset of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Each element of #$SocialOccurrence is an event in which two or more agents (and often many more than two) take part. Often, elements of #$SocialOccurrence involve communication among the participating agents. Usually there are some social occurrences in every culture that have very elaborate role structures (e.g., a lawsuit or a wedding), and some that are fairly simple (e.g., belching at the dinner table). See also: #$socialParticipants.") ;;; #$SocialRitual (#$isa #$SocialRitual #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$SocialRitual #$SocialGathering) (#$genls #$SocialRitual #$Ritual) (#$comment #$SocialRitual "The collection of social events in which some kind of ritual is performed. E.g., a wedding, an awards ceremony, a baptism, an inauguration, a graduation ceremony, etc. Note: In Cyc's ontology, the collection #$Inauguration is not exactly a subset of #$SocialRitual; e.g., it is not true that (#$isa The1992InaugurationOfGeorgeBushAsPresidentOfTheUSA #$SocialRitual). This is because there are many aspects to an #$Inauguration, besides the social ritual aspects. E.g., there is the political aspect, namely the legitimate change of chief executive of a nation. The carrying out of the `script' for an inauguration (i.e., the ceremony itself) is an element of the collection #$SocialRitual. ") ;;; #$SocialStatusAttribute (#$isa #$SocialStatusAttribute #$CompositeAttributeType) (#$isa #$SocialStatusAttribute #$SocialStatusAttributeType) (#$genls #$SocialStatusAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$SocialStatusAttribute "The collection of #$AttributeValues that pertain to human social status; role or rank (formal or informal) in the surrounding culture. Most assertions should be made in terms of some specialization of this collection (or an instance of some specialization of this collection). Members of this collection include: #$LowerMiddleClass, #$GoodLooking, #$FourthGradeLevel, etc.") ;;; #$SocialStatusAttributeType (#$isa #$SocialStatusAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$SocialStatusAttributeType #$SocialAttributeType) (#$comment #$SocialStatusAttributeType "This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialStatusAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain to rank/status along some particular `dimension' related somehow to `status in society.' Some sample elements of #$SocialStatusAttributeType are: #$SocialStatusAttribute, #$Glamor, #$SocialPower, #$Credibility, #$EducationLevelAttribute, etc. ") ;;; #$SolarPoweredDevice (#$isa #$SolarPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SolarPoweredDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$comment #$SolarPoweredDevice "A collection of physical devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SolarPoweredDevice is a device which is powered by energy from sunlight. Examples include solar-powered calculators and solar heating systems.") ;;; #$Soldier (#$isa #$Soldier #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Soldier #$MilitaryPerson) (#$genls #$Soldier #$Professional) (#$comment #$Soldier "A person having as a profession a branch of Soldiering") ;;; #$SoleProprietorship (#$isa #$SoleProprietorship #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SoleProprietorship #$LegalAgent) (#$genls #$SoleProprietorship #$UnincorporatedOrganization) (#$genls #$SoleProprietorship #$Organization) (#$genls #$SoleProprietorship #$Business) (#$comment #$SoleProprietorship "A collection of unincorporated businesses organizations. An element of #$SoleProprietorship is a business in which an individual #$Person (or a married couple) owns, operates, and assumes liability for the business. A #$SoleProprietorship may or may not have employees. It has no shareholders or partners.") ;;; #$SolidFn (#$isa #$SolidFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$SolidFn #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$resultGenl #$SolidFn #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg1Isa #$SolidFn #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$SolidFn "A #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$SolidFn takes as an argument a collection COL, membership in which is based only on physical and/or chemical composition and not on any other property (see #$TangibleStuffCompositionType). (#$SolidFn COL) is the collection of elements of COL that are in the #$SolidStateOfMatter. E.g., the ice cubes in my lemonade belong to the collection (#$SolidFn #$Water-Fresh).") ;;; #$SolidStateOfMatter (#$isa #$SolidStateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$SolidStateOfMatter "One of the basic physical states of matter. Solid objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by definite, persistent boundaries, independent of container. Examples of things that typically have this #$AttributeValue are: a piece of wood, a lump of coal, a quartz crystal, a gold ingot stored in Fort Knox, a human skull.") ;;; #$SolidTangibleProduct (#$isa #$SolidTangibleProduct #$ProductType) (#$isa #$SolidTangibleProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SolidTangibleProduct #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$SolidTangibleProduct #$TangibleProduct) (#$comment #$SolidTangibleProduct "A collection of tangible products. Each element of #$SolidTangibleProduct is a tangible product that is a solid, either a solid object (e.g., an automobile) or a stuff in solid form (e.g., lumber).") ;;; #$SolidTangibleThing (#$isa #$SolidTangibleThing #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$SolidTangibleThing #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$SolidTangibleThing "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$SolidTangibleThing is a substance that is intrinsically in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. For example, #$AyersRock, the quarter-dollar coin I put in the parking meter, the ice cubes in my lemonade, a paper bag and the bagel inside it. Collections containing the solid phase of any type of stuff can be created using #$SolidFn (q.v.).") ;;; #$Solubility (#$isa #$Solubility #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$Solubility #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Solubility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Solubility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Solubility describes how readily some tangible substance dissolves in some kind of liquid. Different levels of #$Solubility may be represented with #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$WillDissolve, #$Insoluble).") ;;; #$Solution (#$isa #$Solution #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Solution #$Mixture) (#$comment #$Solution "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Mixture. Each instance of #$Solution is a #$Mixture of two or more chemically distinct substances. #$Solutions are homogeneous, meaning that the composition at any one point in the #$Mixture is the same as that at any other point. In contrast, a #$Suspension is a #$Mixture in which small discontinuous particles are surrounded by a continuous fluid. Under normal conditions, the #$solvent of every #$Solution has the #$stateOfMatter #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Thus #$Solutions also normally exhibit the properties of a liquid, since #$solvents are #$mainConstituents. Exceptions to this include #$Gels, in which 'solid-like' properties of the #$Solution arise from the highly structured orientation of the #$solute. Examples of #$Solutions: a cup of coffee, a tincture of iodine, some vanilla extract.") ;;; #$SomethingExisting (#$isa #$SomethingExisting #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$SomethingExisting #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$SomethingExisting "#$SomethingExisting is the subset of #$TemporalThing whose elements are more or less static, at least compared to the highly dynamic elements of #$Event. The clearest examples of #$SomethingExisting are tangible things, like people, lakes, stars, the Earth's ionosphere, etc. Some elements of #$Intangible, such as agreements and obligations, also exist stably in time over their lifetime (rather than `happening'), and thus both #$Agreement and #$Obligation are subsets of (i.e., have the #$genls) #$SomethingExisting).") ;;; #$SomethingToWear (#$isa #$SomethingToWear #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SomethingToWear #$NonPoweredDevice) (#$genls #$SomethingToWear #$PersonalProduct) (#$genls #$SomethingToWear #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$SomethingToWear #$TangibleProduct) (#$comment #$SomethingToWear "A collection of tangible objects. Each instance of #$SomethingToWear is an object that an animal (usually a person) wears on its body, i.e., in a #$WearingSomething event. It is worth remarking that, in such an event, the wearer doesn't have to exert any intentional effort to continue wearing the object. For example, shirts remain on people's torsos, hats stay on heads, rings on fingers; once in place, dog collars stay on dogs, saddles stay on horses. By contrast, a hula hoop is NOT an example of #$SomethingToWear. A borderline case is a #$Purse, which at first blush seems to be something to wear, yet requires carrying by the performer, hence is not a member of this collection. Similarly, a briefcase is not an #$SomethingToWear.") ;;; #$Sound (#$isa #$Sound #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$Sound #$WavePropagation) (#$comment #$Sound "A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$Sound is an instance of wave propagation in which longitudinal pressure waves travel through matter. Includes the elements of #$AudibleSound, #$UltraSound, and temblors.") ;;; #$SoundInformationBearingThing (#$isa #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$InformationBearingThing) (#$genls #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$InformationBearingWavePropagation) (#$genls #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$AudibleSound) (#$comment #$SoundInformationBearingThing "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an audible sound that contains information: a spoken utterance, the performance of a sonata, a Morse code message tapped out on a prison wall, etc.") ;;; #$South-Directly (#$isa #$South-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$South-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$genlAttributes #$South-Directly #$South-Generally) (#$comment #$South-Directly "Due South, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.") ;;; #$South-Generally (#$isa #$South-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$South-Generally "The general direction of South. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$South-Directly.") ;;; #$SouthEast-Directly (#$isa #$SouthEast-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$SouthEast-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$SouthEast-Directly "The precise Southeast direction from any geographic point other than a pole.") ;;; #$SouthEast-Generally (#$isa #$SouthEast-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$SouthEast-Generally "The general direction of SouthEast. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$SouthEast-Directly.") ;;; #$SouthWest-Directly (#$isa #$SouthWest-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$SouthWest-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$SouthWest-Directly "The precise Southwest direction from any geographic point other than a pole.") ;;; #$SouthWest-Generally (#$isa #$SouthWest-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$SouthWest-Generally "The general direction of SouthWest. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$SouthWest-Directly.") ;;; #$SpaceInAHOC (#$isa #$SpaceInAHOC #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SpaceInAHOC #$Cavity) (#$genls #$SpaceInAHOC #$HumanOccupationConstruct) (#$comment #$SpaceInAHOC "A collection of open spatial regions. Each element of #$SpaceInAHOC is a space found inside some instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Elements include all major spaces inside any #$HumanOccupationConstruct, including not only rooms (elements of #$RoomInAConstruction), but halls, elevator shafts, attics, stairwells, and the spaces inside trains, cars, and airplanes that are designed for human occupation. Other building parts which are not open spatial regions (e.g., walls, plumbing, etc.) are NOT included in this collection; cf. #$PartOfBuilding. #$SpaceInAHOC is #$disjointWith the collection #$OutdoorLocation.") ;;; #$SpacePoint (#$isa #$SpacePoint #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SpacePoint #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$SpacePoint "A collection of geometrical things. Each #$SpacePoint is an extensionless geometrical point, and thus exists in zero dimensions.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$SpacePoint #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SPACE-POINT") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$SpacePoint #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ZERO-D-LOCATION") ;;; #$SpaceTransportationEvent (#$isa #$SpaceTransportationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SpaceTransportationEvent #$TransportationEvent) (#$comment #$SpaceTransportationEvent "The collection of all space transportation event.") ;;; #$Spacecraft (#$isa #$Spacecraft #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Spacecraft #$TransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Spacecraft "The collection of transportation devices deployed entirely in outer space, or whose trajectories leave the atmosphere of the planet they're launched from, in order to orbit the planet or to travel away from it beyond its gravitational field.") ;;; #$SpanishLanguage (#$isa #$SpanishLanguage #$LivingLanguage) (#$comment #$SpanishLanguage "The indigenous language of #$Spain and, secondarily, most of Central and South America") ;;; #$SpatialPredicate (#$isa #$SpatialPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$SpatialPredicate #$Predicate) (#$genls #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$comment #$SpatialPredicate "The collection predicates about spatial relationships. Note that when an element of #$SpatialPredicate has an instance of #$Group as one of its arguments, the predicate applies to all the members of that group.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$SpatialPredicate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SPATIAL-RELATION") ;;; #$SpatialThing (#$isa #$SpatialThing #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$SpatialThing #$Individual) (#$comment #$SpatialThing "The collection of all things that have a spatial extent or location relative to some other #$SpatialThing. Note well that to say that an entity is a member of this collection is to remain agnostic about two issues. First, a #$SpatialThing may be #$PartiallyTangible, like #$Texas-State or wholly #$Intangible, like the #$ArcticCircle or a line or a plane referenced in a geometric theorem. Second, although we do insist on location relative to another #$SpatialThing, a #$SpatialThing may or may not be located in the physically observable universe. It is far from clear that all #$SpatialThings are so located: eg, a trajectory through the phase space of some physical system. If the intent is to imply location in the empirically observable cosmos, the user should employ this collection's spec, #$SpatialThing-Localized.") ;;; #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType (#$isa #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType #$Collection) (#$genls #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType #$RegionType) (#$comment #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType "A collection of collections; a subset of #$RegionType. Each element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType is a collection of geographical regions, none of whose elements spatially intersects another. For example, the collection #$State-UnitedStates is an element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, because the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other examples of collections that are elements of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType: #$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and #$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since ecological regions can overlap.") ;;; #$Speaking (#$isa #$Speaking #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Speaking #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Speaking #$MakingAnOralSound) (#$genls #$Speaking #$IBTGeneration) (#$comment #$Speaking "The collection of actions generating #$Utterances which are speech. A subset of #$Talking: hence, #$Speaking normally includes only those #$Utterances using #$Language as a communication convention, unlike other #$Utterances, such as #$Booing and #$Cheering.") ;;; #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType (#$isa #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType #$Collection) (#$genls #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subset of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances have in common all (or nearly all) of their information content and their primary media form. For example, the collection specified by `the book War and Peace' is an element of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType; so is the collection described by `the movie Jaws' (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and the film `Jaws' were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `books written by Mark Twain', or by `the Jaws story in all its forms [movie, book, comic book, tape]', are NOT elements of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subsets of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinnTheBook, #$OS-2, #$Lotus123, #$PeloponnesianWarHistoryByThucydides-TheBook, #$CitizenKane-TheMovie.") ;;; #$SpeechPart (#$isa #$SpeechPart #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$SpeechPart #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject) (#$comment #$SpeechPart "The collection of all parts of speech. Subsets of #$SpeechPart include #$Preposition, #$Adverb, #$SimpleNoun, #$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical, #$Punctuation-SP, #$Pronoun). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see #$posForms; e.g., #$You-TheWord has a#$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a #$CoordinatingConjunction form, #$Hit-TheWord has both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb forms.") ;;; #$Speed (#$isa #$Speed #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Speed #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Speed #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Speed #$Rate) (#$comment #$Speed "A subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Speed is a rate of change in position (of an object, wave front, etc.). Elements of #$Speed may be either fixed amounts, such as (#$MilesPerHour 55), or a range, such as #$WalkingSpeed or #$Calm-WindSpeed. See #$UnitOfSpeed for the units used by Cyc to measure speeds.")